Directory: Society: Philosophy: Reference: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (303)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Online philosophy reference work, articles are authored and updated by experts in the field. Edited by Edward Zalta.Church-Turing Thesis - Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand outlines this frequently misunderstood thesis.
Bosanquet, Bernard - William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University introduces the absolute idealist.
Bradley, F. H. - By Stewart Candlish of the University of Western Australia.
Logical Constructions - Bernard Linsky, University of Alberta.
Category Theory - Jean-Pierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures.
Cognitive Science - The study of mind and intelligence. By Paul Thagard of the University of Waterloo.
Color - Metaphysical and epistemological accounts of color. By Barry Maund of the University of Western Australia.
Connectionism - Movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks. By James W. Garson of the University of Houston.
Donald Davidson - Jeff Malpas of the University of Tasmania.
Dialetheism - Dialeth(e)ism is the view that there are true contradictions. By Graham Priest of the University of Queensland.
Existence - By Barry Miller.
Paul Feyerabend - Biographical and expository essay by John Preston of Reading University.
Gottlob Frege - Edward N. Zalta of the Metaphysics Research Lab.
Game Theory - Von Neumann and Morgensterns mathematical theory of bargaining, introduced by Don Ross University of Cape Town.
Hegel, G. W. F. - Paul Redding of the University of Sydney.
Holes - Short article by Roberto Casati of the École Polytechnique and Achille C. Varzi of Columbia.
Søren Kierkegaard - Essay about Kierkegaard's life, work, and philosophy by William McDonald.
The Identity of Indiscernibles - Peter Forrest introduces the principle of analytic ontology formulated by Leibniz, stating that no two distinct substances exactly resemble each other.
The Language of Thought Hypothesis - By Murat Aydede, surveying the arguments for and against the proposition that thoughts are expressed in a mental language.
Liberalism - Gerald F. Gaus outlines the general philosophical theory of liberalism.
Arthur Prior - Detailed biographical article by B. Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury.
Maritain, Jacques - By William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University.
Miracles - Exploring Hume's argument and the religious significance. By Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
Mental Imagery - By Nigel Thomas of Leeds University.
Friedrich Nietzsche - Robert Wicks, University of Auckland.
Multiple Realizability - John Bickle discusses the contention that a given mental kind (property, state, event) is realized by distinct physical kinds.
Ontological Arguments - Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premisses which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Graham Oppy.
Original Position - The original position is a hypothetical situation in which rational calculators, acting as agents or trustees for the interests of concrete individuals, are pictured as choosing those principles of social relations under which their principals would do best. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Fred D'Agostino.
Pantheism - Definition of Pantheism by Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
Pascal's wager - An argument due to Blaise Pascal for believing, or for at least taking steps to believe, in God. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Alan Hájek.
Karl Popper - By Stephen Thornton from the University of Limerick.
Principia Mathematica - Entry by A.D. Irvine discussing Russell and Whitehead's treatise.
Prisoner's Dilemma - By Steven T. Kuhn of Georgetown University.
Private Language - By Stewart Candlish from the University of Western Australia.
Qualia - Qualia are introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives. By Michael Tye.
Russell, Bertrand - By A. D. Irvine.
Russell's Paradox - By A. D. Irvine.
Wilfrid Sellars - By Jay F. Rosenberg.
Sorites Paradox - By Dominic Hyde.
Square of Opposition - By Terence Parsons.
Stoicism - Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. By Dirk Baltzly.
Thought Experiments - By James Robert Brown, University of Toronto.
Tropes - An article describing tropes by John Bacon.
Turing Machine - Article on Turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
Vagueness - By Roy Sorensen.
Alfred North Whitehead - By A. D. Irvine.
Thomas Aquinas - Biographical and expository essay, by Ralph McInerny.
Artifact - By Risto Hilpinen of the University of Miami.
Aristotle's Political Theory - By Fred D. Miller, Jr of Bowling Green State University.
Medieval Theories of Conscience - The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience. By Doug Langston of the University of South Florida.
Causal Processes - Bertrand Russell, Wesley Salmon, and conserved quantities. By Phil Dowe of the University of Tasmania.
Probabilistic Causation - "Probabilistic Causation" designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. A primary motivation for the development of such theories is the desire for a theory of causation that does not presuppose physical determinism.
Animal Consciousness - By Colin Allen of Texas A & M, addressing the qualitative or phenomenological nature of experience.
Cosmology and Theology - Deals with the cosmological argument. By John Leslie of the University of Guelph.
Descartes' Epistemology - By Lex Newman of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Mental Representation - According to the Representational Theory of Mind, psychological states are to be understood as relations between agents and mental representations. By David Pitt, CUNY.
Saint Augustine - By Michael Mendelson of Lehigh University.
Aristotle's Logic - Survey of Aristotle's logical work, focus on the "Organon," syllogistic, and dialectic. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robin Smith.
Modal Logic - Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deontic (moral) expressions. By James W. Garson, University of Houston.
Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification - Survey of theories according to which knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. By Richard Fumerton of the University of Iowa.
Time Travel and Modern Physics - Survey of philosophical woories about inconsistencies inherent in the idea of time travel in the context of modern physics. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Tim Maudlin.
Propositional Attitude Reports - Explores semantic accounts of propositional attitude reports, and some of the theories developed to deal with Frege's puzzle. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Thomas J. McKay.
Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory - Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. By Steven French of Leeds University.
War - Article on the ethics of war and peace, the Just War theory, and pacifism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Brian D. Orend.
Infinitary Logic - Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell.
William Godwin - Article on the life and work of the founder of philosophical anarchism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Mark Philp.
The Identity Theory of Mind - Evaluates the theory that holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain. By J. J. C. Smart of Monash.
Aristotle's Psychology - Recounts the principal and distinctive claims of Aristotle's psychological writings, especially "De Anima." By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado.
Temporal Logic - The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description, application areas and a bibliography.
Medieval Theories of Analogy - By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo.
Divine Illumination - Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado.
Peter John Olivi - Life and work of one of the most original and interesting philosophers of the later Middle Ages. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robert Pasnau.
Logical Form - Introduction to logical form, surface and deep meaning. By Paul M. Pietroski, University of Maryland.
Measurement in Quantum Theory - Study of the details and some of the implications of the measurement problem. By Henry Krips of the University of Pittsburgh.
Medieval Theories of Practical Reason - From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Anthony Celano.
Properties - Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by Chris Swoyer. Principally concerned with existence and identity conditions.
Intuitionistic Logic - The principles L. E. J. Brouwer used in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. By Joan R. Moschovakis, UCLA.
Richard the Sophister - Richardus Sophista was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul Streveler.
Nineteenth Century Geometry - By Roberto Torretti, Universidad de Chile.
Holism and Nonseparability in Physics - Comprehensive article by Richard Healey of the University of Arizona.
Epiphenomenalism - Discusses the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects upon any physical events. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William S. Robinson.
The Hole Argument - The hole argument is an attempt to illustrate how spacetime substantivalism causes errors in a large class of spacetime theories. By John D. Norton of the University of Pittsburgh.
Medieval Theories of Modality - By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki.
Philip the Chancellor - Life and work of this 13th-century philosopher, theologian, and lyric poet. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Colleen McCluskey.
Saint Anselm - By Thomas Williams, University of Iowa.
Many-Valued Logic - Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University.
Actualism - The thesis that there are no merely possible entities; by Christopher Menzel.
Behaviorism - By George Graham of University of Alabama at Birmingham.
Teleological Notions in Biology - By Colin Allen of Texas A & M.
Frege's Logic, Theorem, and Foundations for Arithmetic - By Edward N. Zalta of Stanford University.
Contractarianism - By Ann E. Cudd, University of Kansas.
Representational Theories of Consciousness - By William Lycan, University of North Carolina.
Voluntary Euthanasia - By Robert Young, La Trobe University.
Virtue Epistemology - By John Greco of Fordham.
Feminist Ethics - By Rosemarie Tong, Davidson College.
Feminist Perspectives on the Self - By Diana Meyers of the University of Connecticut.
Folk Psychology as Mental Simulation - By Robert M. Gordon, University of Missouri.
Folk Psychology as a Theory - By Ian Ravenscroft, the Flinders University of South Australia.
Distributive Justice - By Julian Lamont, University of Queensland.
Public Justification - By Fred D'Agostino, University of New England, Australia.
Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind - By Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin.
Leibniz on the Problem of Evil - By Michael J. Murray, Franklin & Marshall College.
Relevance Logic - By Edwin D. Mares, Victoria University of Wellington.
Paraconsistent Logic - By Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka.
Informal Logic - By Leo Groarke, Wilfrid Laurier University.
Substructural Logics - By Greg Restall of Macquarie University.
Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics - By Mark Colyvan, University of Tasmania.
Constructive Mathematics - By Douglas Bridges from Waikato University.
Inconsistent Mathematics - By Chris Mortensen, University of Adelaide.
The Philosophy of Neuroscience - By John Bickle and Peter Mandik.
The St. Petersburg Paradox - By Robert M. Martin, Dalhousie University.
Peirce's Logic - By Eric M. Hammer of Stanford.
Experiments in Physics - By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado.
Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle - By Frank Arntzenius of Rutgers.
Singular Propositions - Propositions about a particular object or individual in virtue of having the object or individual as a constituent of the proposition. By G. W. Fitch.
Structured Propositions - To say that propositions are structured is to say that they are complex entities, entities having parts or constituents. By Jeffrey C. King.
Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics - Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett.
Historicist Theories of Rationality - By Carl Matheson of the University of Manitoba.
The Epistemology of Religion - By Peter Forrest.
Ancient Skepticism - Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke.
Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract - By Fred D'Agostino.
Conventionality of Simultaneity - By Allen I. Janis, University of Pittsburgh.
Supertasks - Introduced by Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia from the University of the Basque Country.
Coherence Theory of Truth - The truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions. By James O. Young.
Deflationary Theory of Truth - According to the deflationary theory of truth, to assert that a statement is true is just to assert the statement itself. By Daniel Stoljar.
Identity Theory of Truth - When a truth-bearer is true, there is a truth-maker with which it is identical and the truth of the former consists in its identity with the latter. By Stewart Candlish.
Revision Theory of Truth - Theory developed to analyze paradoxes that appear to show that common-sense beliefs about truth are inconsistent. By Eric M. Hammer.
John Locke - Influential 17th century British political philosopher.
Personal Identity - How does a person stay the same person over time? By Eric T. Olson.
Egalitarianism - The view that people should get the same or be treated the same; by Richard Arneson.
William of Ockham - Occam (1287-1347) was one of the most important philosophers of the Middle Ages. By Paul Vincent Spade.
Timon of Phlius - Timon (c. 320-230 BC) was the younger contemporary and leading disciple of Pyrrho; by Richard Bett.
Homosexuality - Philosophical issues in homosexuality and queer theory; by Brent Pickett.
Pyrrho - The life and work of the founder of Pyrrhonism; by Richard Bett.
Identity Politics - History of the political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of members of certain social groups; by Cressida Heyes.
Naturalism in Legal Philosophy - Discusses naturalistic theses in the philosophy of law; by Brian Leiter.
Set Theory - Survey of the mathematical theory of the infinite; by Thomas Jech.
Realism - Survey of realism and anti-realism in various forms; by Alexander Miller.
The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra - Survey of the algebra of two-valued logic; by J. Donald Monk.
Species - Philosophical theories on what makes a species; by Marc Ereshefsky.
Confucius - The life and work of the Chinese philosopher and educator; by Jeffrey Riegel.
Theological Voluntarism - Survey of divine command theory; by Mark Murphy.
Immutability - The doctrine that God cannot undergo real change; by Brian Leftow.
Johann Georg Hamann - Life and work of this German Enlightenment philosopher; by Gwen Griffith-Dickson.
Max Stirner - Life and work of German philosopher of egoism; by David Leopold.
Consciousness and Intentionality - Discussion of the connection between phenomenal consciousness and intentionality; by Charles Siewert.
Globalization - Social theory and philosophy issues in globalization; by William Scheuerman.
Moral Skepticism - Survey of forms of scepticism about moral knowledge; Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
Scientific Realism - The thesis that science discovers truths about a theory-independent reality; by Richard Boyd.
Environmental Ethics - Branch of ethics dealing with the moral relationship of humans to the environment; by Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo.
Alan M. Turing - Life and work of philosopher and mathematician Alan Mathison Turing; by Andrew Hodges.
Personal Autonomy - Survey of philosophical theories about what it is to govern oneself; by Sarah Buss.
Nicolas Malebranche - Life and work of French Cartesian philosopher; by Tad Schmaltz.
Death - Discussion of philosophical issues about death; by Steven Luper.
The Biological Notion of Self and Non-self - History and discussion of the notion of the immune self; by Alfred Tauber.
Omnipotence - The theistic thesis that God has maximal power; by Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz.
Cosmology: Methodological Debates 1932-48 - Discusses philosophical views about cosmology in the 1930s and 1940s; by George Gale.
Doing vs. Allowing Harm - Views on the moral difference between doing harm and allowing harm; by Frances Howard-Snyder.
Desert - Moral issues of desert (punishment, success) and justice; by Owen McLeod.
Privacy - Survey of philosophical views about privacy; by Judith DeCew.
Modal Fictionalism - Survey of the view that claims of necessity and possibility are to be construed as fictional claims; by Daniel Nolan.
Philosophy and Christian Theology - Discussion of philosophical implications of Christian theological views; by Michael Murray.
John Buridan - Life and work of late Medieval philosopher; by Jack Zupko.
The Correspondence Theory of Truth - The thesis that propositions are made true in virtue of corresponding to facts; by Marian David.
Thomas of Erfurt - Life and work of medieval philosopher and member of the Modists; by Jack Zupko.
The Epsilon Calculus - Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on proof-theoretic methods; by Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach.
The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - First interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Nields Bohr; by Jan Faye.
Aristotle's Rhetoric - Discussion of one of Aristotle's major works; by Christof Rapp.
Philosophy for Children - Discusses introduction of philosophy into the school curriculum; by Michael Pritchard.
Zeno's Paradoxes - Discusses the paradoxes of Zeno of Elea, e.g., Achilles and the Tortoise; by Nick Huggett.
Determinates vs. Determinables - A distinction introduced by W. E. Johnson to apply, e.g., to red and colored; by David H. Sanford.
Events - Survey of philosophical views on the character and status of events; by Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi.
Relative Identity - The view that there are objects which are the same F yet not the same G; by Harry Deutsch.
The Definition of Morality - Discussion of various descriptive and normative definitions of the term; Bernard Gert.
Friedrich Daniel Schleiermacher - Life and work of the 18th century German philosopher; by Michael Forster.
Moral Dilemmas - Discusses cases of conflicting moral requirements; by Terrance McConnell.
Descartes' Modal Metaphysics - Interpretations of René Descartes' ontology of necessities and possibilities; by David Cunning.
Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge - Discusses the impact of social relations and values on scientific research; by Helen Longino.
Mally's Deontic Logic - Discussion of Ernst Mally's logic of obligation; by Gert-Jan Lokhorst.
Finitism in Geometry - Approaches to geometry that do not presuppose an infinity of points; by Jean-Paul van Bendegem.
Process Philosophy - View that puts processes at the center of metaphysics; by Nicholas Rescher.
Space and Time: Inertial Frames - Frames of reference relative to which motion and rest are measured; by Robert DiSalle.
Impartiality - Survey of views on moral impartiality; by Troy Jollimore.
The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - Interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Hugh Everett according to which many universes exist in parallel at the same space and time; by Lev Vaidman.
Action - Theories about intentional action and agency; by George Wilson.
Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury] - Life and work of 18th century English philosopher; by Michael Gill.
Harriet Taylor Mill - Life and work of 19th century English philosopher and proponent of women's rights; by Dale E. Miller.
18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant - Survey of work of, among others, Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff; by Brigitte Sassen.
Justice as a Virtue - Survey of justice as a virtue from Plato to Rawls; by Michael Slote.
Bruno Bauer - Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Douglas Moggach.
Collapse Theories - Survey of the dynamical reduction program; by Giancarlo Ghirardi.
Cosmopolitanism - The view that all human beings belong to a single community; by Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown.
Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy - Survey of work of Thomas Hobbes; by Sharon A. Lloyd.
George Santayana - Life and work of early 20th century Spanish-born American philosopher; by Herman Saatkamp.
Medieval Theories of Properties of Terms - The theories of proprietates terminorum was the basis of medieval semantic theory; by Stephen Read.
Relational Quantum Mechanics - An interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system, absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute event; by Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli.
Quantum Logic and Quantum Probability - How quantum mechanics can be regarded as a non-classical probabilistic calculus; by Alexander Wilce.
Formal Learning Theory - Discusses mathematical approaches to normative epistemology; by Oliver Schulte.
Scottish Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century - Survey of the work of William Hamilton, James Frederick Ferrier, and Alexander Bain; by Gordon Graham.
Salomon Maimon - Life and work of contemporary and critic of Kant; by Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed.
Robert Boyle - Life and work of 17th century Irish philosopher and physicist; by J. J. McIntosh, University of Calgary.
Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science - By Elizabeth Anderson.
Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will - By Randolph Clarke.
The Experience and Perception of Time - By Robin Le Poidevin.
Thomas Reid - Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by Gideon Yaffe.
William James - Life and work of 19th century American philosopher; by Russell Goodman.
The Medieval Problem of Universals - By Gyula Klima.
The Kochen-Specker Theorem - By Carsten Held.
Classical Logic - Introduction to classical logic, including completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems; by Stewart Shapiro.
Aristotle's Metaphysics - Aristotle's notions of category and substance; by S. Marc Cohen.
Feminist History of Philosophy - Survey of feminist writing on the philosophical canon; by Charlotte Witt.
Brentano's Theory of Judgement - Discussion of Franz Brentano's foundation for logic and epistemology; by Johannes Brandl.
Quantum Mechanics - Survey by Jenann Ismael.
The Modern History of Computing - Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland.
William Whewell - Life and work of 19th century British philosopher; by Laura J. Snyder.
Intertheory Relations in Physics - Discussion of theory reduction in science; by Robert Batterman.
Legal Punishment - Justifications of legal punishment; by Antony Duff.
Disjunction - Theory and history of the binary connective 'or'; by Ray Jennings.
Moral Responsibility - Historical survey of the concept of moral responsibility; by Andrew Eshleman.
Curry's Paradox - Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; by J. C. Beall.
Counterfactual Theories of Causation - Discussion of analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals; by Peter Menzies.
Constitutionalism - Philosophical survey of the idea that government should be limited in its powers by law; by Wil Waluchow.
Evolutionary Epistemology - Survey of naturalistic epistemology which emphasizes importance of natural selection; by Michael Bradie and William Harms
Semantic Challenges to Realism - Realism and the representation problem; by Drew Khlentzos.
Dante Alighieri - Life and work of 13th century Italian poet and philosopher; by Winthrop Wetherbee.
Albert of Saxony - Life and work of 14th century German logician and philosopher; by Joël Biard.
Benjamin Peirce - Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh.
Richard Rorty - Life and work of 20th century American philosopher; by Bjørn Ramberg.
The Analysis of Knowledge - Survey of analyses of the concept of knowledge, including justified true belief and the Gettier problem; by Matthias Steup.
Physicalism - Discussion of the thesis that everything is physical; by Daniel Stoljar.
John Austin - Life and work of 19th century British legal philosopher and founder of legal positivism; by Brian Bix.
David Hume - Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by William Edward Morris.
Social Epistemology - Survey of views on the social dimension of knowledge; by Alvin Goldman.
Robert Desgabets - Life and work of 17th century Cartesian philosopher; by Patricia Easton.
Francis of Marchia - Life and work of 14th century French theologian; by Christopher Schabel.
Equality - Survey of social and political equality; by Stefan Gosepath.
The Unity of Consciousness - History and philosophical accounts of unity of consciousness; by Andrew Brook.
Higher-order Theories of Consciousness - Theories which explain conscious states by their relations to higher-order representations of them; by Peter Carruthers.
Integrity - Discussion of integrity as a virtue term; by Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine.
René Descartes' Life and Works - Life and work of 17th century French philosopher; by Kurt Smith.
Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics - By Lawrence Sklar.
Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus) - Life and work of 13th century logician and author of the Tractatus; by Joke Spruyt.
Aristotle's Ethics - Discussion of Aristotle's ethical views; by Richard Kraut.
Panpsychism - The doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe; by William Seager.
On The Nature of Law - Survey of theories on the conditions of legal validity including natural law theories and legal positivism; by Andrei Marmor.
Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning - Survey of theories on legal reasoning; by Julie Dickson.
Medieval Theories of Relations - Survey of medieval views concerning the nature and ontological status of relations; by Jeffrey Brower.
John Duns Scotus - In-depth article on the life, work, and thought of John Duns Scotus. By Thomas Williams.
Moral Particularism - The claim that there are no defensible moral principles; by Jonathan Dancy.
Descartes' Ontological Argument - Discussion of René Descartes ontological proof of the existence of God; by Lawrence Nolan.
Charles Sanders Peirce - Life and work of 19th century American logician and philosopher; by Robert Burch.
Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century - Survey of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers, including Francis Hutcheson, Henry Home (Lord Kames), and George Campbell; by lexander Broadie.
Baruch Spinoza - Life and work of 17th century Dutch Rationalist philosopher; by Steven Nadler.
Naturalized Epistemology - The view that epistemology is of one piece with natural science; by Richard Feldman.
Truthlikeness - Discussion of notion of verisimilitude, closeness to truth; by Graham Oddie.
Being and Becoming in Modern Physics - Discusses implications of general relativity for the philosophy of time; by Steven Savitt.
Epistemological Problems of Perception - Discussion of how sense experience justifies or warrants beliefs about the physical world; by Lawrence BonJour.
Bayesian Epistemology - Epistemological movement based on Bayesian confirmation and decision theory; by William Talbott.
Automated Reasoning - Survey of automated deduction and theorem proving; by Frederic Portoraro.
Abstract Objects - Survey of attempts to draw the distinction between concrete and abstract objects; by Gideon Rosen.
Charles Hartshorne - Life and work of 20th Century metaphysician and philosopher of religion; by Dan Dombrowski.
Robert Holkot - Life and Work of Robert Holcot, 14th Century English philosopher and theologian; by Hester Gelber.
Robert Alyngton - Life and work of 14th Century British philosopher, follower of Wyclif and Burley; by Alessandro Conti.
William Penbygull - Life and work of 15th Century Oxford Realist philosopher; by Alessandro Conti.
Logic and games - Survey of game-theoretical approaches to logic; by Wilfrid Hodges.
The Problem of Evil - Does the world contain undesirable states of affairs that provide the basis for an argument that makes it unreasonable for anyone to believe in the existence of God?; by Michael Tooley.
Philosophy of Childhood - The philosophy of childhood takes up philosophically interesting questions about childhood, about conceptions people have of childhood and attitudes they have toward children; by Gareth Matthews.
Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach - Life and work of French Enlightenment philosoher; by Michael LeBuffe.
Libertarianism - Theory about the permissibility of non-consensual force violating property rights in external things and oneself; by Peter Vallentyne.
Fuzzy Logic - Survey of logical systems with a continuum of truth values; by Petr Hajek.
Qualia: The Knowledge Argument - Aims to establish that conscious experience involves non-physical properties. It is one of the most discussed arguments against physicalism; by Martine Nida-Rümelin.
The Moral Status of Animals - Philosophical theories about the difference between animals and humans responsible for the moral status of humans. By Lori Gruen.
The Computational Theory of Mind - The philosophical theopry that the mind is, or functions like, a computer; by Steven Horst.
Plotinus - Life and work of this founder of Neoplatonism; by Lloyd Gerson.
Bayes' Theorem - Discussion of a formula to calculate conditional probabilities which figures in subjectivist approaches to epistemology; by James Joyce.
Jonathan Edwards - Life and work of 18th century American philosophical theologian; by William Wainwright.
Archytas - Life and work of fourth century BC Greek mathematician, political leader and philosopher; by Carl Huffman.
Aesthetic Judgment - Philosophical theories about judgments of taste; by Nick Zangwill.
Sovereignty - Modern notion of political authority of supreme authority within a territory; by Dan Philpott.
Punishment - Philosophical justifications of punishment; by Hugo Adam Bedau.
Roman Ingarden - Life and work of Polish phenomenologist, ontologist and aesthetician; by Amie Thomasson.
Biodiversity - Discussion of philosophical issues related to biological diversity; by Daniel P. Faith.
Giambattista Vico - Life and work of 18th century Italian philosopher; by Timothy Costelloe.
Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology - Discussion of Plato's views on metaphysics and the theory of knowledge, including his theory of forms; by Allan Silverman.
Biological Altruism - Discussion of how altruistic behavior by organisms fits with the theory of evolution; by Samir Okasha.
Speusippus - Life and work of Speusippus of Athens, son of Plato's sister Potone and head of the Academy; by Russell Dancy.
The Free Rider Problem - Philosophical issues related to collective action; by Russell Hardin.
Consequentialism - The view that normative properties depend only on consequences; by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
Mereology - The theory of parthood relations: of the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole; by Achille Varzi.
Arthur Schopenhauer - Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Robert Wicks.
Scientific Explanation - Philosophical theories about the nature of explanation in science; by James Woodward.
Eliminative Materialism - The view that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist; by William Ramsey.
Saadya [Saadiah] - Life and work of Saadya Gaon (Saadya ben Joseph, known in Arabic as Sa'id ‘ibn Yusuf al-Fayyûmî, 10th century theologian, philosopher and rabbi; by Sarah Pessin.
Adorno, Theodor - Life and work of 20th century German philosopher and critical theorist; by Lambert Zuidervaart.
Karl Leonhard Reinhold - Life and work of 19th century Austrian philosopher; by Dan Breazeale.
Laws of Nature - Philosophical theories about what it is to be a law; by John W. Carroll.
Reflective Equilibrium - The result of a process of reflection on an area of (moral) inquiry, a notion figuring prominently in Rawls' Theory of Justice; by Norman Daniels.
Episteme and Techne - Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard Parry.
Alcmaeon - Life and work of early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist; by Carl Huffman.
The Turing Test - Proposal due to Alan Turing for a criterion of the presence of mind or consciousness; by Graham Oppy and David Dowe.
Analysis - The historical development and conceptual structure of philosophical analysis; by Michael Beaney.
Hilbert's Program - In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathematics. By Richard Zach.
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