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- Anorectal anomalies - Anorectal anomalies are medical problems affecting the structure of the anus and rectum. A person with an anorectal anomaly would have some sort of deformative feature of the anus or rectum.
- Persistent cloaca - A persistent cloaca is a complex anorectal and genitourinary malformation, in which the rectum, vagina, and urinary tract meet and fuse, creating a single common channel. Diagnosis of a female with cloaca should be suspected in a female born with an imperforate anus and small looking genitalia.
- Anal sampling mechanism - The Anal sampling mechanism (also known as the anorectal sampling reflex) is a reflex which detects the contents of the rectal vault and prevents the unexpected voiding of feces. The reflex helps maintain continence.
- Pectinate line - The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anal verge, anorectal junction) is a line which marks the end of the rectum and the beginning of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line provides the hindgut and proctodeum junction.