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- Permian–Triassic extinction event - The Permian–Triassic (P–Tr) extinction event, sometimes informally called the Great Dying, was an extinction event that occurred ,forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods. It was the Earth's most severe extinction event, with up to 96 percent of all marine species and 70 percent of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct.
- Triassic - The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago). As the first period of the Mesozoic Era, the Triassic follows the Permian and is followed by the Jurassic.
- Siberian Traps - The Siberian Traps () form a large igneous province in Siberia. The massive eruptive event spans the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 251 to 250 million years ago, and was essentially coincident with the Permian-Triassic extinction event in what was one of the largest known volcanic events of the last 500 million years of Earth's geological history.
- Hindeodus parvus - Hindeodus parvus is an extinct species of conodont whose first appearance in the fossil beds at Meishan, Changxing County, Zhejiang marks the base of the Triassic, and thus the boundary between the Triassic and Permian.
- Galesauridae - Galesauridae, along with the family Thrinaxodontidae and the large clade Eucynodontia (which includes the mammals) make up the unranked taxon called Epicynodontia. Galesaurids first appeared in the very latest Permian period, just a million years (or perhaps only a thousand years) before the greatest extinction of all time, the Permian-Triassic extinction event.